This page gives a general introduction to the autotools, in the specific context of using them in COIN-OR. If you want to use them, first make sure that you are using the correct version of the autotools.
autoconfThe goal of autoconf is to provide developers of open source software with an easy way to ensure the portability of their code.
Autoconf knows how to perform tests to find out platform and compiler dependent properties, for example, the presence of particular program, library, or header files.
Anyone who has downloaded and installed a GNU package has seen the configure step in the installation process (“... type ./configure ...”).
Autoconf is the software that generates the rather complicated shell script, configure, from a simple input file, configure.ac.
The configure script is a shell script for sh, the basic shell that is available on every UNIX-like system (including Linux, macOS, and MSys).
So that it will work on every system known to the autotools developers, it assumes only the least common denominator over all sh implementations.
configure scripts can be very long — it takes a lot of simple shell commands to accomplish complicated tests.
Autoconf uses the macro processor m4 to generate the configure script from the configure.ac file.
In configure.ac you specify autoconf macros, some of which take arguments.
In a sense these macros can be understood as subroutines, but it’s a bit more subtle than that.
Keep firmly in mind that macros in configure.ac are expanded when the autotools are run, in the project manager’s development environment, to create the configure shell script.
The shell commands in the configure script are run by the user, in their environment, to adapt the source code and build process to the user’s environment.
An easy and frustrating conceptual mistake, when using the autotools, is to expect shell code to execute during macro expansion.
When run by the user, the configure script will generate output files based on templates for these files.
A template file typically has the extension .in.
Template files contain strings (autoconf output variable names) surrounded by @.
For example, Makefile is generated from Makefile.in.
The autoconf variable for the name of the C compiler is CC, and in Makefile.in you will find a line like
CC = @CC@
The generated Makefile will then contain this line, with @CC@ replaced by the name of the C compiler (cc, gcc, xlc, etc.) appropriate for the build environment, as determined by the configure script.
You don’t have to create most template files; they are generated by the various autotools.
For example, automake automatically generates Makefile.in from Makefile.am and configure.ac.
Another template file found in many COIN-OR projects are the pkg-config configuration files prjct.pc.in, used to generate prjct.pc.
The generated file includes information on dependencies of the project and which compiler and linker flags are required to link against the project.
For example, the OSI project uses the template file osi.pc.in; it contains the lines
@COIN_RELOCATABLE_FALSE@prefix=@prefix@
@COIN_RELOCATABLE_TRUE@prefix=${pcfiledir}/../..
exec_prefix=@exec_prefix@
libdir=@libdir@
includedir=@includedir@/coin-or
Name: @PACKAGE_NAME@
Description: COIN-OR Open Solver Interface
URL: @PACKAGE_URL@
Version: @PACKAGE_VERSION@
Cflags: -I${includedir}
@COIN_STATIC_BUILD_FALSE@Libs: -L${libdir} -lOsi
@COIN_STATIC_BUILD_FALSE@Requires.private: @OSILIB_PCFILES@
@COIN_STATIC_BUILD_TRUE@Libs: -L${libdir} -lOsi @OSILIB_LFLAGS_NOPC@
@COIN_STATIC_BUILD_TRUE@Requires: @OSILIB_PCFILES@
As can be seen, this file makes heavy use autoconf output variables like @COIN_RELOCATABLE_FALSE@, @prefix@, @OSILIB_PCFILES@, or @PACKAGE_URL@.
When the user requests that OSI is configured, the resulting osi.pc file contains
prefix=/usr/local
#prefix=${pcfiledir}/../..
exec_prefix=${prefix}
libdir=${exec_prefix}/lib
includedir=${prefix}/include/coin-or
Name: Osi
Description: COIN-OR Open Solver Interface
URL: https://github.com/coin-or/Osi
Version: trunk
Cflags: -I${includedir}
Libs: -L${libdir} -lOsi
Requires.private: coinutils
#Libs: -L${libdir} -lOsi
#Requires: coinutils
As can be seen, all variables were replaced by a value.
COIN_RELOCATABLE was declared as an “automake conditional” (see also the introduction of Automake), which resulted in two
autoconf output variables (COIN_RELOCATABLE_FALSE and COIN_RELOCATABLE_TRUE), one of them obtaining value # and the other an empty string.
Some output files generated by the configure script are worth separate mention.
The configuration header file (you may have noticed the config.h file in GNU packages) can be used to convey information about the configuration run to the source code of the package.
Some examples:
System calls, such as those for obtaining the CPU time, are different on different platforms, and the header files in which they are declared are also different.
The configure script can test for the presence of header files and functions.
The configure script can test for the presence of libraries and functions in libraries.
In the CoinUtils package, configure checks whether the compression libraries libz and libbz2 are available.
The user of a package can specify certain aspects of the configuration when configure is run, for example, the set of available linear programming solvers, and where their libraries and header files reside.
The AC_INIT macro in the configure.ac file leads information about the package name and package version number in the header file, so these parameters to be maintained only in the configure.ac file.
The configure script will place #define statements in the configuration header files.
These can simply define a symbol or set a symbols to a specific value (such as the path to a default directory).
However, since the define statements in different projects may define the same symbols (e.g., PACKAGE_NAME or HAVE_ZLIB), it is undesirable to install the config header files and requiring them for building against the package.
On the other hand, sometimes it is necessary to convey some information about a package configuration via the header file to users of that package.
Information on how this is handled within COIN-OR projects is given on this page.
automakeAutomake generates Makefile.in template files for autoconf.
The generated makefiles are very powerful; for example, they support automatic header file dependency tracking, if this information can be somehow obtained from the compiler.
The makefiles work with any UNIX make, they have targets like all, install, uninstall, clean.
Makefiles generated by automake can work recursively and support parallel execution (e.g., with the -j flag of GNU make).
Also, it is possible to specify conditional content in the Makefile, the activation of which depends on the output of a test performed by the configure script.
This facility is limited, but it’s portable (again, think ‘least common denominator’ over all known implementations of make).
As a user of automake, you write an input file, called Makefile.am, for each Makefile.in you want to create.
In Makefile.am you tell automake what you want to build (a program, a library, etc.), and what source code files are required to build this target.
Automake will take it from there.
There are ways to specify more information, e.g., if additional libraries are required for linking.
For more introduction on automake, see also here.
libtoolLibtool helps to build static and shared libraries on different platforms.
It works together with autoconf and automake, so that you usually don’t need to interact with it directly.
Still, a bit of background information will help you understand its role.
Like configure, libtool is a shell script.
It’s generated when configure is run in the user’s environment and contains the correct commands to compile code, create libraries, and link programs.
Automake assumes that it will work through libtool.
In the output produced during compilation and linking, you first see the libtool command line, then the command executed from the libtool script.
Libtool generates auxiliary files: .lo files correspond to object files, and .la files correspond to libraries.
These files are instructions (in plain ascii) that libtool leaves for itself for later use.
The compiled object files and fully or partially linked libraries are hidden in a .libs subdirectory.
(The command make install will move the hidden programs and libraries to the installation directory.)